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17. — Did they ask you many questions?
— Yes, lots.
Plenty also implies a large quantity and is also colloquial in this use. However, it differs from a lot and lots in that usually the quantity is directly related to a particular purpose or need. It means enough for the purpose and even more, enough and to spare. There appears to be no Russian equivalent for this sense of plenty. Here are some examples of its use:
18. — There's no need to hurry. We've got plenty of
time.
(meaning not simply a lot of time but enough time to do what we have to do, and even some time to spare)
19. (To a person going shopping) — Have you got enough money?
— Yes, plenty, thank you.
(meaning enough money to buy what I need, and even more)
20. — I don't know you couldn't find out anything
about it. There are plenty of books in the library.
Sometimes, however, plenty is used simply as a synonym of lots.
The usage of all the words discussed above in both formal and informal style is summarized in the following table. (C stands for countable, UC for uncountable.)
84 Type of Sentence Formal Style Informal Style
Affirmative much/many a great deal — UC C amount — UC a large I quantity — UC [number — C a considerable^'^ a lot lots plenty
Negative not much/many or reword as an affirmative sentence using little/few1 not much/many
Interrogati e much/many? much/many?
1This produces a more forceful impression than not much/many in cases where the smallness of the quantity or number is to be emphasized. For example, instead of He did not have much difficulty in convincing his colleagues it is more forceful to say He had little difficulty..., instead of Not many cities suffered in the war as much as Leningrad, Few cities suffered... . Be careful here not to confuse little/ few with a little/few, which have a different meaning ("some").
What has been said above about much refers only to its use as a pronoun. As for its adverbial use, the same tendency to avoid it in affirmative sentences can be observed. Thus sentences such as She reads much or He works much sound unnatural. Instead English people use a lot in informal style.
eg 21. — She reads a lot.
22. — He smokes a lot.
23. — We travelled a lot in the summer.
With work the adverb hard is generally used.
24. — He works hard.
In formal style we find a great deal, or, less often, greatly, or other, more specific adverbs such as widely, extensively, heavily, according to the context.
or сі j \ a Sreat deal.
eg 25. She reads j w?dy
nrrm ?r j { greatly 1 when their son
26. They suffered I great dea[ } ^as klUedu
27. He smokes heavily.
a great deal.
28. They travelled widely, extensively.
85 Very much, so much and too much are not subject to the restrictions mentioned above. In connection with very much, however, note that the use of much in such sentences as:
29. I was very much surprised to hear that he had left.
30. She was very much offended by his remarks.
is now old-fashioned or extremely formal. Standard usage in modern English, both formal and informal, is simply very.
31. — I was very surprised to hear that he had left.
32. — She was very offended by his remarks.
Finally here is a table of usage for adverbial much.
Type of Sentence Formal Style Informal Style
Affirmative a great deal greatly or more specific adv., according to the context a lot
Negative not much not much
Interrogative much? much?
Exercise 1. Give either an affirmative or a negative answer to the following questions.
Model: Student A: Have you got much work?
Student B: Yes1 a lot or: No, not much.
If student B thinks that lots or plenty is appropriate, he may use it instead of a lot.
1. —Have you got much money? 2. —Did you pick many apples yesterday? 3. —Have you got many letters to write? 4. —Do your parents travel much? 5. — Have you seen many Italian films? 6. — Is there much paper left? 7. —Did you meet many interesting people on holiday? 8. —Has Nina made many sandwiches? 9. —Have we got much time left? 10. —Did you do much interpreting at the conference?
Exercise 2. Contradict the following negative statements emphatically, according to the model.
Model: Student A: You haven't got much work.
Student В: I have. Fve got a lot of work.
If student B thinks that lots or plenty is appropriate, he may use it instead.
1. They haven't got much money.2. John hasn't got many friends. 3. You haven't done much today. 4. They didn't invite many people. 5. There aren't many mushrooms in the woods. 6. You haven't bought
86 much bread. 7. They don't watch television much. 8. She doesn't eat many sweets. 9. They didn't take many photos. 10. Ann doesn't smoke much. 11. You didn't make many cakes. 12. Nicholas doesn't do much preparation.
Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks with much, many, a lot (of) or some other expression of quantity, taking the style into consideration. In doubtful cases the style is indicated by letters: F (= formal) and IF (= informal).
