Говорите правильно по-английски - Поуви Дж.
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4. He raised his hand to protect his face from the blow.
5. In this climate you need a thick coat to protect you against the cold.
Note. Translating the above examples into Russian will show that protect may correspond to either защищать or охранять or предохранять.
People whose work brings them into contact with harmful substances or processes wear protective clothing.
With such words as property, interests, rights either verb may be used, depending on the situation. Defend implies more active measures than protect.
eg 6. The trade union official promised to defend!protect the workers' interests.
In addition, each verb has certain specific uses. For example, defend may mean "to speak or write in support of".
eg 7. He defended his opinions very eloquently.
42 8. He is always quick to defend his brother against criticism.
It is used in this sense with reference to courts of law.
eg 9. He was defended by the best lawyer in the city.
Note that to defend one's thesis is used in Britain only in the sense of speaking or writing to support one's point of view. Thesis here means "a theory or statement to be proved by argument", not "a written work".1
The other meanings of protect are as follows:
(1) prevent from being dangerous by covering, separating, etc.;
eg 10. Electric wires are protected by a rubber covering.
(2) guard against possible future loss, damage, etc. by means of insurance;
eg 11. This (insurance) policy protects you against accidents, including the loss of your luggage in transit.
(3) guard (home industry) against competition by taxing imported goods;
eg 12. Representatives of the steel industry demanded that the government should protect their markets.
Exercise. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of defend or protect.
1. The inhabitants of Leningrad courageously ... their city against the German invaders. 2. You will need sunglasses to ... your eyes against the glare of the sun on the snow. 3. Her husband said that she should not try to ... her children from the real world. 4. The workers ... their right to strike. 5. He was too weak to ... himself (against the attacker). 6. They built a high wall round the garden to ... it from the wind. 7. He said that he was quite prepared to ... his views in public if necessary. 8. In cricket the batsmen wear thick pads to ... their legs. 9. The lioness leapt on the huntsman to ... her cubs. 10. These vitamin tablets will help to ... you against infection. 11. The Conservative party traditionally ... the interests of the rich and privileged. 12. The lawyer ... his client very ably.
Director, Manager, Head, Chief, Boss
Director has two main senses, one in the sphere of business and the other in the arts, especially the theatre and cinema.
1 The procedure for awarding higher degrees by thesis (in the sense of a written work) is described in: Pouey Walshe I. AN ENGLISH TEACHER'S HANDBOOK. M.? 1982 (unit 375).
43 In industry and commerce, a director is a member of the board (called the board of directors) which directs, or manages the affairs of a company on behalf of the shareholders. A company usually has between ten and twenty directors, some of whom may work part time. (Some are directors of more than one company.) The occupation of such a person is called company director. The head of the board of directors, who is always full-time, is the managing director.
There is now an increasing tendency to call a person who is in charge of a particular department or aspect of the company's work a director, for example: sales director (in charge of organizing the sale of the goods produced), export director, and so on. Such people were traditionally called managers, but the title director is considered to be more prestigious.
In the theatre and cinema, director denotes the person who stages the play or makes the film, deciding how to interpret the text, instructing the actors, and so on.1
Director is also increasingly used to denote the head of various institutions, such as museums (instead of the traditional curator), art galleries, research institutes, and so on. It is rarely used of the head of an educational institution, although at least one polytechnic has a director and the tendency is increasing. The head of some local education authorities is now called the director of education, instead of the traditional chief education officer.
A manager is a person who runs a hotel, shop, restaurant, etc. on behalf of the owner, or who is responsible for a certain department of a big organization, for example, a commercial company. Companies may have a production manager, a sales manager, an export manager, and so on. (See also director above.)
A theatre manager, in the commercial theatre, is the person who manages the building on behalf of the owners, makes arrangements for it to be used for one production after another. There are also managers responsible for particular aspects of the administration or the production: the box-office manager is in charge of the sale of tickets, the house manager is responsible for the house or auditorium, and the stage manager supervises the arrangement of scenery and props on the stage.
