Английский язык для экономистов - Малюга Е.Н.
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3. In stage one of production the more workers are hired the less are the returns.
4. When an additional worker is added, the marginal revenue computation changes according to the stage of production.
5. When marginal cost is less than marginal revenue, more variable inputs should be hired to expand output.
^ D. Vocabulary
D.I. Read and learn new words.
output (n) — the amount of goods or services produced by a person, machine, factory, company, etc.
input (n) — ideas, advice, effort, or money that you put into something to help it succeed
factor of production -- something that is needed to produce a particular product
diminishing return — the idea that a point can be reached where the advantage or profit you are getting, stops increasing in relation to the effort you are making
marginal (adj) — relating to a change in a cost, value, etc. when one more thing is produced, one more dollar is earned, etc.
costs (n) — money that a business or an individual must regularly spend
fixed costs — costs to a business that do not change when the amount of goods or services produced does
incur (v) — if you incur a cost, a debt, or a fine, you do something that means that you lose money or have to pay money
overhead costs — costs not directly related to a particular product or service, but related to general costs for buildings, equipment, etc.
interest (n) — an amount paid by a borrower to a lender, for example to a bank by someone borrowing money for a loan or by a bank to depositor
charges (n) — an amount of money paid for services or goods rent payment — money paid for the use of a house, office, etc. lease (v) — to give somebody the right to use something for a particular period of time in return for payment
depreciation (n) — decreasing in value over a period of time variable costs — costs that change when the amount of something produced changes Unit 2. Production and Costs
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rate of operation — capacity of work done by a company or machine
marginal cost — the extra cost of producing one more of something
self-service (n) — a self-service shop, restaurant, etc. is one in which customers get the goods themselves and then go and pay for them
lot (n) — an area of land on which nothing has been built and which may be available to rent, or build on
revenue (n) — money that a business or organization receives over a period of time, especially from selling goods or services
break-even (adj) — when a company is neither making a profit or a loss
D.2. Give English equivalents to the following words and expressions:
¦ фиксированные затраты;
¦ самообслуживание;
¦ безубыточный;
¦ норма загрузки производственных мощностей;
¦ доход, выручка;
¦ переменные издержки;
¦ накладные расходы;
¦ износ;
¦ сокращающийся доход;
¦ фактор производства.
D.3. Choose an appropriate word or expression from the box to complete the following sentences.
returns costs fixed cost incurred
interest rents leased depreciation
1. Commercial... have decreased significantly since their peak in 1997.
2. The East Moline foundry has been operating at less than 50 % capacity and has ... significant operating losses.
3. The ... is the added output resulting from employing one more worker.
4. Their retail branches are a ..., so the more business they put through them the better.
5. Delay in construction could increase ... significantly. 36
Английский язык для экономистов
6. Chrysler might run out of money to pay ... on its bonds.
7. The proposed site of the factory may lead to... of property value in the immediate vicinity.
8. The local authority ... him the property.
E, Make a summary of the text
Use the active vocabulary.
R Grammar notes 'One' and 'It'
§ 1. 'It' as an 'empty subject'. We often use 'it' in sentences referring to time, the weather, temperature or distance. When used in this way, it is sometimes called an empty subject because it carries no real information. It is present because every English sentence has to contain a subject and a verb. It is used in sentences with:
¦ time: It's 8 o'clock. It's Tuesday. It's May 25th;
¦ weather: It's hot. It's raining. It rains a lot here;
¦ temperature: It's 37° centigrade/Celsius;
¦ distance: It's 20 miles to/from London;
¦ the tides: It's high tide at 11.44;
¦ environment: It's noisy/smoky in here;
¦ present situation: Isn't it awful! Isn't it a shame;
¦ it's time ... It's time (for us) to leave;
¦ with since: It's three years since we last met;
¦ with says: It says here there was a big fire in Hove;
¦ with take: It takes (us) half an hour to get to work.
And note many expressions with it, e. g., it doesn't matter; it's no use, ('it' as a subject); I've had it; That does it! ('it' as an object).
§ 2. Tt' as a 'preparatory subject'. Sometimes sentences beginning with 'it' continue with an infinitive, a gerund or a noun clause. It is possible to begin such sentences with an infinitive or gerund, but we generally prefer 'it'.
