Практический курс английского языка - Камянова Т.
ISBN 5-85550-177-9
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Он бывало (раньше) приносил мне весной цветы.
They would dance at the disco on Sundays.
Они бывало (обычно) танцевали по воскресеньям на дискотеке.
1. Конструкция used to + Inf. употребляется в том случае, если действие или состояние в прошлом противо-ставляется настоящему:
e.g. Не used to bring те flowers in spring. (But he doesn't bring me flowers any more.)
She used to feel happy at home. (But she doesn't feel happy at home any longer.) Конструкция used to может употребляться также в вопросительной и отрицательной форме: e.g. Did you use to stay at home alone when you were a child?
I didn't use to stay at home alone when I was a child.
2. Сочетание would + Inf. (без частицы to ) употребляется в случае, если действие происходит время от времени до сегодняшнего дня и прошлому не противопоставляется. Состояние, посредством данной конструкции выражено быть не может.
e.g. They would dance at the disco on Sundays. (They go on doing it from time to time till now.) He would see me home from the disco. (He goes on doing it till now.)
b) Сложные союзы (Compound Pronouns) образуются из слияния простых союзов what, who, which, where, when с наречием ever:
whatever что бы ни whoever кто бы ни, который бы ни
whichever какой бы ни, какой угодно wherever где бы ни, куда бы ни whenever когда бы ни
В основном, такие союзы употребляются как союзные слова в придаточных предложениях уступительных, места и времени:
e.g. Whatever he says, we can hardly trust him.
Что бы он ни говорил, едва ли мы можем ему доверять.
Whoever is doing те a favour, I am always thankful to him.
Кто бы ни оказывал мне любезность, я всегда благодарен ему.
Whichever dress you wear, you'll be a queen at the party.
Какое бы платье на тебе ни было, ты будешь королевой на вечеринке.
Wherever you go, I'll follow you.
Куда бы ты ни пошел, я последую за тобой.
Whenever we meet, I'll be very glad to see you.
Когда бы мы не встретились, я буду рад видеть тебя. Обратите внимание, что в придаточных предложениях времени с союзом whenever, будущее время в соответствии с обшим правилом не употребляется (см. U.9с).
c) Составные предлоги (Composite Prepositions) образуются из сочетания простого предлога или союза с существительным, прилагательным, наречием или причастием, и имеют, таким образом, общее значение. К составным предлогам относятся следующие:
because of из-за as to (for) что касается
instead of вместо according to согласно
in spite of несмотря на contrary to в противоположность
m front of перед, напротив thanks to благодаря in case of в случае due to из-за
by means of посредством in addition to в дополнение к
/ for the sake of ради in connection with e связи с
in accordance with в соответствии с
as compared with по сравнению с e.g. According to our agreement you should leave the office not earlier than at half past five.
Согласно нашему договору, вы не должны уходить из офиса ранее, чем в половине шестого.
In connection with an accident on the road we had to turn to the right.
В связи с несчастным случаем на дороге, нам пришлось повернуть направо.
You may convince your opponents by means of demonstrating a fragment of your work
Вы можете убедить оппонентов посредством демонстрации фрагмента своей работы.
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ANIMAL FARM
(after George Orwell)
Chapter Il
After the death of the old Major, a prize boar, there was much secret activity on the farm during the next three months. Major's speech had given to the more intelligent animals a completely new outlook on life. They didn't know when the Rebellion predicted by Major would take place, they had no reason for thinking that it would be within their own lifetime, but they saw clearly that it was their duty to prepare for it. The work of teaching and organizing the others fell naturally upon the pigs, who were generally recognized as being the cleverest of the animals. The most popular among the pigs were two young boars named Snowball and Napoleon, whom the farmer Mr. Jones intended to sell. Napoleon was a large Berkshire boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a talker, but with a reputation for getting his own way. Snowball was quicker in speech than Napoleon, but he was not considered to have the same depth of character. All the other male pigs were porkers. The best known among them was a small fat pig named Squealer with very round cheeks. He was a brilliant talker, and when he was arguing about any difficult point he had a way of jumping from side to side. The others said of Squealer that he could turn black into white.
These three worked out a complete system of thought, to which they gave the name of Animalism. Several nights a week, after Mr. Jones was asleep, they held secret meetings in the bam and explained the principles of Animalism to the others. At the beginning their audience seemed to be rather stupid. Some of the animals proved that it wasn't right to fight against Mr. Jones, because as they said «Mr. Jones feeds us. If he were gone we should starve to death.» Others asked such questions as «Why should we care what happens after we are dead?» or «lf this Rebellion is to happen anyway, what difference does it make if we work for it or not?», and the pigs had great difficulty in making them see that this was contrary to the spirit of Animalism. At the same time they had a real struggle with Moses, a raven whom Mr. Jones appreciated most of all. This Moses was a spy and a lier, but he was also a clever talker. He had a way to influence everybody telling about a wonderful country called Sugarcandy Mountain, to which all animals went when they died. It was situated somewhere high in the sky, a little distance beyond the clouds, Moses said, in Sugarcandy Mountain it was Sunday seven days a week, clover was in season all the year round, and pieces of sugar grew on the hedges. All animals hated Moses because he told tales and didn't work. Nevertheless, some of them believed in Sugarcandy Mountain, and the pigs had to argue very hard to persuade them that there was no such place.
