Говорите правильно по-английски - Поуви Дж.
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3 realize, understand..........................................105
replace, substitute............................................107
shop, s/ore..................................................109
some, a few, several........................................Ill
such........................................................П4
thank you..................................................120
tiring, tiresome..............................................121
too, very..................................................121
town, aYi/................................................123
/rea/ (u & n)..............................................125
used to....................................................126
useful, helpful, good (for the health)..........................132
variant, version..............................................133
іш^е, salary, pay, stipend, /ее, royalties......................135
шал/, try, attempt........................................140
job у position, pos/, situation..........................142
worker, workman, working man..............................146
Sources....................................................149
English Index..............................................150
Russian Index............................................152 PREFACE
This book is intended to teach students who already have a good basic knowledge of English the correct usage of some common words and constructions which tend to be misused by Russian speakers, mainly owing to the influence of their native language. Many of the words belong to groups of two or more which are close in meaning and therefore difficult to differentiate, especially when they are translated into Russian by the same word. In such cases even good dictionaries are often little help. The words and constructions chosen are ones which occur frequently, in various situations. Altogether about one hundred and fifty words and constructions are dealt with.
The book consists of a series of alphabetically-arranged units (58 in all), each devoted to a certain word, group of words, or construction. The meaning and usage of each is explained, usually with particular reference to other words of similar meaning and, where this is considered helpful, to its Russian translation equivalent(s). Most of the explanations concern lexical usage, but in some cases grammatical points are also dealt with and considerable attention is paid to stylistic distinctions. (See Notes on Style, p. 6.) The explanations are illustrated by numerous and varied examples, and cross-references to other units are given where necessary. At the end of each unit there is an exercise (in some cases more than one), which provides an opportunity for students to check their understanding of the explanation and practise correct usage.
The aim of the book is to help students to avoid typical mistakes. However, mention and quotation of the mistakes themselves have been kept to a minimum; the students' attention is directed first and foremost to correct usage.
The book may be used as an aid to the teaching of both spoken and written English. For example, when students misuse one of the words or constructions dealt with in the book, the teacher refers them to the relevant unit, which they read either in class or at home. Then they do the exercise(s) and finally correct their own mistakes. The book may also be used by students independently, in order to avoid making mistakes in the first place, for example, when preparing talks or writing essays in English.
As regards the order of words discussed within one unit, this is alphabetical except in those cases where it is logically necessary to treat the words in a different order (for example, in order of frequency, or of the general to the particular). At the end of the book there is an index of all words discussed, to help readers find words which do not come first in their unit, and an index of Russian words given as translations.
The material for this book was originally written for English language classes with senior students of the English Department of Leningrad University, and has proved a valuable aid to teaching, both for oral and written work. The author hopes that other teachers will find it equally useful.
J. P.
5 NOTES ON STYLE
Many words in a language are neutral from the stylistic point of view, that is, they may be used in practically any situation, from a conversation among friends to a paper on linguistics or some other academic subject. Others, however, are restricted to a certain type of situation. For example, by all means, which sounds quite natural when speaking to an older person or one whom one knows only slightly, would sound strange, even ridiculous, if addressed to a friend. Conversely, O/C, which is commonly used among friends, is quite unsuitable in the first type of situation. These two types of situation are usually called formal (the first type) and informal (the second type) and the expressions formal style and informal style are used of words and constructions which are restricted to one type. Formal and informal here are best translated into Russian as официальный and неофициальный (разговорный), although the English and Russian concepts do not exactly coincide, as can be seen from the table given below. Colloquial is also widely used in the same sense as informal with reference to style. However, in this book the terms formal and informal have been adopted as the basic ones in defining stylistic values.
